assignment

APPLICATIONS OF ALGORITHM

Algorithm

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for calculations. Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing, and automated reasoning.

An algorithm is an effective method expressed as a finite list of well-defined instructions for calculating a function.  Starting from an initial state and initial input (perhaps empty), the instructions describe a computation that, when executed, proceeds through a finite  number of well-defined successive states, eventually producing output and terminating at a final ending state.

Algorithms are essential to the way computers process data. Many computer programs contain algorithms that detail the specific instructions a computer should perform (in a specific order) to carry out a specified task, such as calculating employees' paychecks or printing students' report cards.

APPLICATION

Search algorithms and object recognition in digital images are used in various systems of

technical vision. Such systems include: vision systems of robots, the system of recognition

and identification of fingerprint, authentication system for stamp on a document and many

others. Description of known search algorithms and the recognition of objects in images is

well represented in the literature. Review of the literature shows that in most cases, problems of recognition take into account such characteristics of the object as its geometric shape and distribution of luminosity over the entire area of the object. As a criterion of recognition the standard deviation is commonly used. Spectral characteristics, the numerical moments, color

characteristics, segmentation, etc. are used in addition to the basic attributes. Wavelet

analysis and fractal recognition are the latest methods in image processing and pattern recognition.

Algorithms for searching small details and fine structures are used in detection and analysis

of the quality of images. The accuracy of search and recognition of fine details is affected by

the distortions arising during the digital compression and transmission of image signals

through a noisy communication channel with interference. The peak signal-to-noise ratio

(PSNR) is considered nowadays the most popular criterion of noisy images.

According to this criterion the normalized root-mean-square deviation of color coordinates

is calculated and the averaging is carried out at all pixels of the image. Thus, the closer the

noisy image to the original, the bigger the PSNR value and therefore the better its quality we

have. However this and other similar metrics allow for estimating only root mean-

square difference between images, therefore the best results from the metrics point of

view are not always correspond to the best visual perception. For instance, the noisy image

containing fine details with low contrast can have high PSNR value even when the details

are not visible on the background noise.

Genetic Algorithm: A heuristic search technique used in computing and Artificial Intelligence to find optimized solutions to search problems using techniques inspired by evolutionary biology: mutation, selection, reproduction [inheritance] and recombination.

Encryption and Code Breaking

On the security front, Genetic Algorithms can be used both to create encryption for sensitive data as well as to break those codes. Encrypting data, protecting copyrights and breaking competitors' codes have been important in the computer world ever since there have been computers, so the competition is intense. Every time someone adds more complexity to their encryption algorithms, someone else comes up with a GA that can break the code. It is hoped that one day soon we will have quantum computers that will be able to generate completely indecipherable codes.